Stereotypes affect female surgery trainees to the point of hurting their psychological health, according to a new study published in the Journal of the American College of Surgeons. Researchers, led by Arghavan Salles, M.D., Ph.D., of St. Louis' Washington University, surveyed 382 doctors across 14 residency programs between 2010 and 2011 on their perceptions of being stereotyped. Of the respondents, only the results from female surgical residents showed a correlation between perceived negative stereotyping and poor mental health, with better mental health among female surgeons who did not feel on the receiving end of stereotyping. Researchers found no such association among male residents or nonsurgical residents of any gender. Study abstract